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Below is a list of scientific journals used throughout Smarter Health and Fitness:

• Burke LM. Nutrition for post-exercise recovery. Aust J Sci Med Sport Mar;29(1):3-10, 1997
• Butterfield GE, Whole-body protein utilization in humans. Med. Sci. Sports Exrc., Vol. 19, No. 5 (Supplement), pp. S157-S165, 1987.
• Gisolfi CV., Lamb DRR. (Eds.) Perspectives In Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Volume 3: Fluid Homeostasis During Exercise. Cooper Publishing Group, LLC 1990.
• Gontzea I, Sutzescu P, Dumitrache S. The influence of adaptation to physical effort on nitrogen balance in man. Nutr. Rept. Inturn. 11:231-236, 1975
• Goodyear LJ, Kahn BB, Exercise, glucose transport, and insulin sensitivity. Annu. Rev. Med. 49:235-261, 1998
• Halseth AE, Bracy DP, Wasserman DH. Limitations to exercise- and maximal insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake. J. Appl. Physiol. 85(6):2305-2313, 1998
• Hayashi N, Tashiro T, Yamamori H, Takagi K, Morishima Y, Otsubo Y, Sugiura T, Furukawa K, Nitta H, Nakajima N, Suzuki N, Ito I Effect of intravenous omega-6 and omega-3 fat emulsions on nitrogen retention and protein kinetics in burned rats. Nutrition 1999 Feb;15(2):135-9
• MacDougall JD, Gibala MJ, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDonald JR, Interisano SA, Yarasheski KE The time course for elevated muscle protein synthesis following heavy resistance exercise. Can J Appl Physiol 1995 Dec;20(4):480-6
• Sherman LA, Hirshman MF, Cormont M, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Goodyear LJ. Different effects of insulin and exercise on Rab4 distribution in rat skeletal muscle. Endocrinology 137:266-73, 1996
• Smith L.L, Fulmer M.G, Holbert D, McCammon M.R, Houmard J.A, Frazer D.D, Nsien E, and Isreal R.G. The impact of a repeated bout of eccentric exercise on muscular strength, muscle soreness and creatine kinase. Br. J. Sports Med.1994; 28 (4) 267-271.
• Tarpenning KM, Wiswell RA, Marcell TJ, Hawkins SA. Influence of Weight Training Exercise and Modification of Hormonal Response on Skeletal Muscle Growth. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 1998 May;30(5) Supplement; S1-S1339
• Tipton KD, Rasmussen BB, Miller SL, Wolf SE, Owens-Stovall SK, Petrini BE, Wolfe RR. Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Aug;281(2):E197-206.
• Hultman E, Bergstrom J, Anderson NM. Breakdown and resynthesis of phosphorylcreatine and adenosine triphosphate in connection with muscular work in man. Scand J Clin lab Invest. 1967.
• Wilmore JH, Costill DL (eds). Physiology of sport and exercise 3rd edition. : Human Kinetics
• Wells GD, Selvadurai H, Tein I. Bioenergetic provision of energy for muscular activity. Paediatric Respitory reviews. 2009.
• McGill, SM. Marshall, LW. Kettlebell swing, snatch, and bottoms-up carry: back and hip muscle activation, motion, and low back loads. J strength Cond Res. 2012. Jan 26
• Metcalfe et al. Towards the minimal amount of exercise for improving metabolic health: beneficial effects of reduced-exertion high-intensity interval training. European J applied Physio. 2011.
• Wilson, et al. Concurrent Training: A Meta Analysis Examining Interference of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise. University of Tampa, FL. J Strength Conditioning.
• Naito, et al. Satellite cell pool enhancement in rat plantaris muscle by endurance training depends on intensity rather than duration. Juntendo University, Japan. Acta Physiologica. 2011 Oct.
• Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 13(3):242-247, 2004.
• European Journal of Applied Physiology, 90(5-6):569-574, 2004.
• Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 18(2):373-376, 2004.
• Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36(9):1,632-1,636, 2004.
• Boutcher, S.H., et al. The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise training on autonomic response of premenopausal women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39(5 suppl):S165, 2007.
• Gorostiaga, E.M., et al. Uniqueness of interval and continuous training at the same maintained exercise intensity. European Journal of Applied Physiology 63(2):101-107, 1991.
• King, J.W. A comparison of the effects of interval training vs. continuous training on weight loss and body composition in obese premenopausal women (thesis). East Tennessee State University, 2001.
• Meuret, J.R., et al. A comparison of the effects of continuous aerobic, intermittent aerobic, and resistance exercise on resting metabolic rate at 12 and 21 hours post-exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39(5 suppl):S247, 2007.
• Talanian, J.L., et al. Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women. Journal of Applied Physiology 102(4):1,439-1,447, 2007.
• Tjonna, A.E., et al. Superior cardiovascular effect of interval training vs. moderate exercise in patients with metabolic syndrome. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39(5 suppl):S112, 2007.
• Trapp, E.G., Boutcher, S.H. Fat loss following 15 weeks of high-intensity, intermittent cycle ergometer training. Obesity Reviews 341, 2006.
• Treuth, M.S., et al. Effects of exercise intensity on 24-h energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 28(9):1,138-1,143, 1996.
• Beta-Alanine. The Facts.
• Smith, Abbie E., et al. Effects of [beta]-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2009; 6(5): 5
• Katayose Y, Tasaki M, Ogata H, Nakata Y, Tokuyama K, Satoh M. Metabolic rate and fuel utilization during sleep assessed by whole-body indirect calorimetry. Metabolism. 2009 Jul;58(7):920-6.
• Seale JL, Conway JM. Relationship between overnight energy expenditure and BMR measured in a room-sized calorimeter. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Feb;53(2):107-11.
• Zhang K, Sun M, Werner P, Kovera AJ, Albu J, Pi-Sunyer FX, Boozer CN. Sleeping metabolic rate in relation to body mass index and body composition. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002 Mar;26(3):376-83.
• Mischler I, Vermorel M, Montaurier C, Mounier R, Pialoux V, Pequignot JM, Cottet-Emard JM, Coudert J, Fellmann N. Prolonged daytime exercise repeated over 4 days increases sleeping heart rate and metabolic rate. Can J Appl Physiol. 2003 Aug;28(4):616-29.
• Biston P, Van Cauter E, Ofek G, Linkowski P, Polonsky KS, Degaute JP. Diurnal variations in cardiovascular function and glucose regulation in normotensive humans. Hypertension. 1996 Nov;28(5):863-71.
• Van Cauter E, Shapiro ET, Tillil H, Polonsky KS. Circadian modulation of glucose and insulin responses to meals: Relationship to cortisol rhythm. Am J Physiol. 1992 Apr;262(4 Pt 1):E467-75.
• Sofer S, Eliraz A, Kaplan S, Voet H, Fink G, Kima T, Madar Z. Greater weight loss and hormonal changes after 6 months diet with carbohydrates eaten mostly at dinner. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Oct;19(10):2006-14.
• Paddon-Jones D et al. Amino acid ingestion improves muscle protein synthesis in the young and elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004
• Tipton KD et al. Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. Am J Physiol. 1999
• Norton LE, Layman DK. Leucine regulates translation initiation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle after exercise. J Nutr. 2006
• Schoenfeld B. Fasted Cardio. J Strength & Conditioning
• Norton LE. Protein: How much and how often? 2009
• Baechle, Thomas R and Earle, Roger W. Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning/ National Strength and Conditioning Association. USA: 2008 by the National Strength and Conditioning Association
• Age and sex affect human muscle fibre adaptations to heavy-resistance strength training. G F Martel, S M Roth, F M Ivey, J T Lemmer, B L Tracy, D E Hurlbut, E J Metter, B F Hurley, M A Rogers. Exp Physiol. 2006 March; 91(2): 457–464.
• Changes in performance, muscle metabolites, enzymes and fibre types after short sprint training. B Dawson, M Fitzsimons, S Green, C Goodman, M Carey, K Cole. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998 Jul;78(2):163-9.
• Comparative effects of high- and low-intensity resistance training on thigh muscle strength, fiber area, and tissue composition in elderly women. D R Taaffe, L Pruitt, G Pyka, D Guido, R Marcus. Clin Physiol. 1996 July; 16(4): 381–392.
• Data on the distribution of fibre types in five human limb muscles. An autopsy study. F G Jennekens, B E Tomlinson, J N Walton. J Neurol Sci. 1971 November; 14(3): 245–257.
• Data on the distribution of fibre types in thirty-six human muscles. An autopsy study. M A Johnson, J Polgar, D Weightman, D Appleton. J Neurol Sci. 1973 January; 18(1): 111–129.
• Effect of strength training on enzyme activities and fibre characteristics in human skeletal muscle. A Thorstensson, B HultŽn, W von Dšbeln, J Karlsson. Acta Physiol Scand. 1976 March; 96(3): 392–398.
• Effect of training on enzyme activity and fiber composition of human skeletal muscle. P D Gollnick, R B Armstrong, B Saltin, C W Saubert IV, W L Sembrowich, R E Shepherd. J Applied Physiology 1973; 34(1): 107–111.
• Effects of high intensity canoeing training on fibre area and fibre type in the latissimus dorsi muscle. S J Baker, L Hardy. Br J Sports Med. 1989 March; 23(1): 23–26.
• Electromyographicanalysis of the rotator cuff and deltoid musculature during common shoulder external rotation exercises. M M Reinold, K E Wilk, G S Fleisig, N Zheng, S W Barrentine, T Chmielewski, R C Cody, G G Jameson, J R Andrews. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004 July; 34(7): 385–394.
• Fiber type composition and maximum shortening velocity of muscles crossing the human shoulder. R C Srinivasan, M P Lungren, J E Langenderfer, R E Hughes. ClinAnat. 2007 Mar;20(2):144-9.
• Muscle fibre types and size in trained and untrained muscles of elite athletes. P A Tesch, J Karlsson. J Applied Physiology 1985; 58(6): 1716–1720.
• Muscle hypertrophy and fast fiber type conversions in heavy resistance-trained women. R S Staron, E S Malicky, M J Leonardi, J E Falkel, F C Hagerman, G A Dudley. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1990; 60(1): 71–79.
• Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training zones. G E R Campos, T J Luecke, H K Wendeln, K Toma, F C Hagerman, T F Murray, K E Ragg, N A Ratamess, W J Kraemer, R S Staron. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002 November; 88(1-2): 50–60.
• Performance and fibre characteristics of human skeletal muscle during short sprint training and detraining on a cycle ergometer. M T Linossier, D Dormois, A Geyssant, C Denis. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1997;75(6):491-8.
• Pressing Issues: Building better shoulders with overhead presses. M Gundill. Ironman 2002 August; 8: 42.
• Shoulder muscle activity and function in common shoulder rehabilitation exercises. R F Escamilla, K Yamashiro, L Paulos, J R Andrews. Sports Med. 2009; 39(8): 663–685.
• Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women. R S Staron, D L Karapondo, W J Kraemer, A C Fry, S E Gordon, J E Falkel, F C Hagerman, R S Hikida. J Appl Physiol. 1994 March; 76(3): 1247–1255.
• The role of resistance exercise intensity on muscle fibre adaptations. A C Fry. Sports Med. 2004; 34(10): 663–679.
• The upper extremity of the professional tennis player: muscle volumes, fiber-type distribution and muscle strength. J Sanch’s-Moysi, F Idoate, H Olmedillas, A Guadalupe-Grau, S Alay—n, A Carreras, C Dorado, J A L Calbet. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 June; 20(3): 524–534.
• Training induced changes in the subgroups of human type II skeletal muscle fibers. P Anderson, J Hendriksson. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 1977; 99: 123–135.
• A biomechanical analysis of anterior load carriage. A M Anderson, K A Meador, L R McClure, D Makrozahopoulos, D J Brooks, G A Mirka. Ergonomics. 2007 Dec;50(12):2104-2117.
• Biceps activity during shoulder motion: an electromyographic analysis. K Yamaguchi, K D Riew, L M Galatz, J A Syme, R J Neviaser. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1997 March; (336): 122–129.
• Changes in muscle morphology in chronic trapezius myalgia. R Lindman, M Hagberg, K A Angqvist, K Söderlund, E Hultman, L E Thornell. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1991 October; 17(5): 347–355.
• Comparison of different strongman events: trunk muscle activation and lumbar spine motion, load, and stiffness. S M McGill, A McDermott, C M Fenwick. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Jul;23(4):1148-1161.
• Correlation between the proportion of fast fibers in the biceps brachii muscle and the relative torque during elbow fl exion in subjects with clinical hypothesis of myopathy. C G N Back, P C B Oliveira, S M G Mattiello-Rosa , C F R Sobreira, E Z Martinez, A C Mattiello-Sverzut. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2008 March/April; 12(2): 107-112.
• Data on the distribution of fibre types in five human limb muscles. An autopsy study. F G Jennekens, B E Tomlinson, J N Walton. J Neurol Sci. 1971 November; 14(3): 245–257.
• Data on the distribution of fibre types in thirty-six human muscles. An autopsy study. M A Johnson, J Polgar, D Weightman, D Appleton. J Neurol Sci. 1973 January; 18(1): 111–129.
• Effect of isometric upper-extremity exercises on the activation of core stabilizing muscles. Sami P. Tarnanen, Jari J. Ylinen, Kirsti M. Siekkinen, Esko A. Mälkiä, Hannu J. Kautiainen, Arja H. Häkkinen. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008 March; 89(3): 513–521.
• Effects of high intensity canoeing training on fibre area and fibre type in the latissimus dorsi muscle. S J Baker, L Hardy. Br J Sports Med. 1989 March; 23(1): 23–26.
• Fiber type composition and maximum shortening velocity of muscles crossing the human shoulder. R C Srinivasan, M P Lungren, J E Langenderfer, R E Hughes. Clin Anat. 2007 Mar;20(2):144-9.
• Fiber type composition of the vastus lateralis muscle of young men and women. R S Staron, F C Hagerman, R S Hikida, T F Murray, D P Hostler, M T Crill, K E Ragg, K Toma. J Histochem Cytochem. 2000 May; 48(5): 623–629.
• Fibre types in human abdominal muscles. T Häggmark, A Thorstensson. Acta Physiol Scand. 1979 Dec;107(4): 319-325.
• Fibre types in human lumbar back muscles. A Thorstensson, H Carlson. Acta Physiol Scand. 1987 October; 131(2): 195–202.
• Leg extension power and muscle fiber composition. E F Coyle, D L Costill, G R Lesmes. Med Sci Sports. 1979 Spring; 11(1): 12–15.
• Muscle fibre type distribution, muscle cross-sectional area and maximal voluntary strength in humans. P Schantz, E Randall-Fox, W Hutchison, A Tydén, P O Astrand. Acta Physiol Scand. 1983 February; 117(2): 219–226.
• Muscle fibre type populations of human leg muscles. V. R. Edgerton, J. L. Smith, D. R. Simpson. Histochem J. 1975 May; 7(3): 259–266.
• Muscle hypertrophy in bodybuilders. P A Tesch, L Larsson. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1982; 49(3): 301–306.
• Muscle strength from adolescence to adulthood–relationship to muscle fibre types. B Glenmark, G Hedberg, L Kaijser, E Jansson. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1994; 68(1): 9–19.
• Myosin heavy-chain isoform distribution, fibre-type composition and fibre size in skeletal muscle of patients on haemodialysis. S Molsted, I Eidemak, H T Sorensen, J H Kristensen, A Harrison, J L Andersen. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2007;41(6):539-545.
• Rehabilitation of scapular muscle balance: which exercises to prescribe? Ann M. Cools, Vincent Dewitte, Frederick Lanszweert, Dries Notebaert, Arne Roets, Barbara Soetens, Barbara Cagnie, Erik E. Witvrouw. Am J Sports Med. 2007 October; 35(10): 1744–1751.
• Strength training and anabolic steroids: a comparative study of the vastus lateralis, a thigh muscle and the trapezius, a shoulder muscle, of strength-trained athletes. A Eriksson. Umeå University Medical Dissertations, Umeå. 2006. Series No 1032.
• The influence of variations in muscle fibre composition on muscle strength and cross-sectional area in untrained males. R J Maughan, M A Nimmo. J Physiol. 1984 June; 351: 299–311.
• The upper extremity of the professional tennis player: muscle volumes, fiber-type distribution and muscle strength. J Sanchís-Moysi, F Idoate, H Olmedillas, A Guadalupe-Grau, S Alayón, A Carreras, C Dorado, J A L Calbet. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 June; 20(3): 524–534.
• Trunk muscle activation during dynamic weight-training exercises and isometric instability activities. N Hamlyn, D G Behm, W B Young. J Strength Cond Res. 2007 Nov;21(4):1108-1112.
• Friedlander A.L., Casazza G.A., Horning M.A., Huie M.J., Piacentini M.F., Trimmer J.K., Brooks G.A.: Training-induced alterations of carbohydrate metabolism in women: women respond differently from men. J. Appl. Physiol. 85: 1175–86, 1998
• Tarnopolsky M.A., Bosman M., Macdonald J.R., Vandeputte D., Mar- tin J., Roy B.D.: Postexercise protein-carbohydrate and carbohydrate supplements increase muscle glycogen in men and women. J. Appl. Physiol. 83: 1877–83, 1997.
• Tarnopolsky M.A., Atkinson S.A., Phillips S.M., MacDougall J.D.: Carbohydrate loading and metabolism during exercise in men and women. J. Appl. Physiol. 78: 1360–8, 1995
• Tarnopolsky L.J., MacDougall J.D., Atkinson S.A., Tarnopolsky M.A., Sutton J.R.: Gender differences in substrate for endurance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 68: 302–8, 1990.
• Tarnopolsky M.A., Zawada C., Richmond L.B., Carter S., Graham T. Phillips S.M.: Gender differences in carbohydratate loading are related to energy intake. J. Appl. Physiol. Jul(91): 225–30, 2001.
• Bhasin S., Storer T.W., Berman N., Callegari C., Clevenger B., Phillips J., Bunnell T.J., Tricker R., Shirazi A., Casaburi R.: The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N. Engl. J. Med. 335: 1–7, 1996.
• Riddell M.C., Partington, S.L., Stupka N., Armstrong D., Rennie C., Tarnopolsky M.A.: Substrate Utilization During Exercise Performed with and without Glucose Ingestion in Female and Male Endurance- Trained Athletes. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Metab. (in review). 2002.
• Harris R.C., Soderlund K., Hultman E.: Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clin. Sci. (Colch) 83: 367–74, 1992
• McKenzie S., Phillips S.M., Carter S.L., Lowther S., Gibala M.J., Tarnopolsky M.A.: Endurance exercise training attenuates leucine oxidation and BCOAD activation during exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 278: E580–7, 2000.
• Lamont L.S., McCullough A.J., Kalhan S.C.: Gender differences in leucine, but not lysine, kinetics. J. Appl. Physiol. 91: 357–62, 2001.
• Brose A, Parise G, Tarnopolsky MA. Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2003 Jan;58(1):11-9.
• Burke DG, Chilibeck PD, Parise G, Candow DG, Mahoney D, Tarnopolsky M. Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Nov;35(11):1946-55.
• Creatine information center.(2006) http://www.creatinemonohydrate.net/#side_effects
• Deldicque, L. et al., (2005) Increased IGF mRNA in human skeletal muscle after creatine supplementation. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise, Volume 37 (5), pages 731-736.
• Derave, W. et al., (2003) Combined creatine and protein supplementation in conjunction with resistance training promotes muscle GLUT-4 content and glucose tolerance in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, Volume 94, pages 1910-1916.
• Gastelu, Dan. (2005). Creatine Super-feature. Bodybuilding.com.
• Gerber, I. Gwynn, I, Alini, M and Wallimann, T. Stimulatory effects of creatine on metabolic activity, differentiation and mineralization of primary osteoblast-like cells in monolayer and micromass cell cultures. European Cells and materials vol 10, 2005 (pages 8-22)
• Greenwood, M, Kreider, RB, Greenwood, L, and Byars, A. Cramping and injury incidence in collegiate football players are reduced by creatine supplementation. Journal of Athletic Training 2003; 38(3): 216-219.
• Groeneveld GJ, Beijer C, Veldink JH, Kalmijn S, Wokke JH, van den Berg LH. Few adverse effects of long-term creatine supplementation in a placebo controlled trial. Int J Sports Med. 2005 May;26(4):307-13
• Louis, M. et al., (2004) Creatine increases IGF-1 and myogenic regulatory factor mRNA in C2C12 cells. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters, Volume 557, pages 243-247.
• Rae, C., Digney, A .L., McEwan, S.R. & Bates, T.C. (September 2003) Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation improves cognitive performance; a placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over trial. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London - Biological Sciences.
• Santos, R. V. et al. (2004) The effect of creatine supplementation upon inflammatory and muscle soreness markers after a 30km race. Life Sciences, Volume 75(16), pages 1917-1924.
• Schedel J. M. et al., (2000) Acute creatine loading enhances human growth hormone secretion. Journal of Sports Medicine & Physical Fitness, Volume 40 (4), pages 336-342.
• Stead, L. M. et al. (2001) Methylation demand and homocysteine metabolism: effects of dietary provision of creatine and guanidinoacetate. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, Volume 281, pages E1095-E1100.
• Wyss, M. and Schulze, A. (2002) Health implications of creatine: Can oral creatine supplementation protect against neurological and atherosclerotic disease? Neuroscience, Volume 112 (2), pages 243-260.
• Ziegenfuss TN, Rogers M, Lowery L, Mullins N, Mendel R, Antonio J, Lemon P. Effect of creatine loading on anaerobic performance and skeletal muscle volume in NCAA Division I athletes. Nutrition. 2002 May; 18(5): 397-402.

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